BASIC COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIT 1

¢Unit 1

¢Computer Basics

¢Operation System

¢Introduction

 

¢Use of computer in daily life

• —Calculation (time saving, accuracy, reduce complexity)
• —Entertainment
• —Medical Diagnosis
• —Weather forecasting
• —Payment of bills
• —Banking
• —Manufacturing products like automobiles, shoes etc.
• —Animation
• —Space research
• —Creation of blueprints for houses

 

¢Definitions of Computer

¢A computer is electronic device that can accept store and process information to produce the required result.

¢Computer is a device that can solve any mathematical operation and it operates on information or data.

¢Computer can be defined in terms of its functions. It can

—Accept data

—Store data

—Process data as desired

—Retrieve the stored data as and when required

—Print the result in desired format

 

¢Features of Computer

• ¢Speed
• ¢Accuracy
• ¢Storage
• ¢Diligence
• ¢Versatility
• ¢Power of Remembering
• ¢Capabilities of computer
• ¢Processes information very fast
• ¢Accurate results
• ¢Stores large amount of data and information
• ¢Restore or bring back any works
• ¢Automatics
• ¢More then one things at the same time
• ¢Improved and upgraded
• ¢Limitations of computer
• ¢Intelligence
• ¢Feelings
• ¢Can not remove error itself
• ¢Can not work without human intervention
• ¢GIGO (Garbage in Garbage out)

¢Generation of Computer

• ¢First Generation (1942-1955)
• ¢Second Generation (1955-1964)
• ¢Third Generation (1964-1975)
• ¢Fourth Generation (1975-1990)
• ¢Fifth Generation (1990 – till date)

¢First Generation (1942-1955)

1. Main Features

• ¢Major Innovation -Vacuum tubes
• ¢Main Memory- Punched cards
• ¢Input Output devices- punched cards and papers
• ¢Languages- Low level machine language
• ¢Operating system- No operating system, human operates to set switches
• ¢Size- Main frame for example ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC

1. Advantages

• ¢Vacuum tube were the only electronic components available during those days.
• ¢Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers.
• ¢These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
• ¢They could perform computations in milliseconds.

1. Disadvantage

• ¢Too heavy in size
• ¢Unreliable
• ¢They produced large amount of heat
• ¢Air conditioning required
• ¢Possibility to frequent hardware failures
• ¢Constant maintenance required
• ¢Not portable
• ¢Commercial production was difficult and costly

¢Second Generation (1955-1964)

1. Main Features

• ¢Major Innovation – Transistors as main component
• ¢Main Memory- RAM and ROM
• ¢External storage- Magnetic tapes and Magnetic Disk
• ¢Input output Devices- Magnetic tapes and Magnetic Disk.
• ¢Languages- Assembly language, some high level languages for Example BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN
• ¢Operating System- Human handles punched card
• ¢Size- Main frame for example IBM-1401, NCR-300, IBM-600 etc

1. Advantage

• ¢Smaller in size as compared to first generation computer
• ¢More reliable
• ¢Less heat generated
• ¢These computer were able to reduce computational times from milliseconds to microseconds
• ¢Less possibility to hardware failure
• ¢Better portability
• ¢Wider commercial use

1. Disadvantage

• ¢Air conditioning still required
• ¢Frequent maintenance required
• ¢Manual assembly of individual components into a functioning unit was required
• ¢Commercial production was difficult and costly.

¢Third Generation (1964-1975)

(Based on integrated circuits)

1. Main features

• ¢Major Innovation Integrated circuit (ICs) as basic electronic component
• ¢Main Memory – PROM and DRAM
• ¢External Storage- Improve disk (Floppy disk)
• ¢Input and output Devices- Keyboard for input, Monitor for output
• ¢Languages- More high level languages
• ¢Operating System- Complete operating system were introduced
• ¢Size- Mini, for example: IBM SYSTEM/360, ICH-360, HONEY WELL-316 etc.

1. Advantage

• ¢Smaller in size as compared to previous generation computers
• ¢Even more reliable than second- generation computers
• ¢Lower heat generated than second generation computers
• ¢Able to reduce computational times from microseconds to nanoseconds
• ¢Maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare.
• ¢Easily portable
• ¢Widely used for various commercial applications all over the world
• ¢Less power requirements than previous generation computers.

1. Disadvantage

• ¢Air conditioning required in many cases.
• ¢Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of IC chips

¢Fourth Generation (1975-1990)

1. Main Features

• ¢Major Innovation – LSIC and VLSIC (Micro Processor)
• ¢Main Memory-EPROM and SRAM
• ¢External Storage- Floppy Disk and Hard Disk
• ¢Input and output Devices- Monitor for output
• ¢Languages- High Level languages and Application software
• ¢Operating system-MS DOS and PC-DOS
• ¢Size- Micro computer e.g. IBM-PC, Apple Macintosh etc.

1. \Advantage

• ¢Low cost
• ¢High Speed
• ¢Large memory
• ¢Small size
• ¢Less power consumption
• ¢Floppy disk is used as storage device. Semi conductor internal memory
• ¢Improve in software
• ¢Hardware failure is negligible
• ¢Heat generated is negligible
• ¢Cheapest among all generation

1. Disadvantage

• ¢Highly sophisticated technology is required for the manufacture of chip.

¢Fifth Generation (1990 - till date)

(ULSIC)

1. Main Features

• ¢Major Innovations- ULSIC (Ultra Large scale Integrated circuit)
• ¢Main Memory-EEPROM, SIMM and DIMM
• ¢External Storage- Modified magnetic, Optical disks and flesh drive.
• ¢Input/ Output Devices- Keyboard, Pointing Device, Scanner as input and monitor as main output.
• ¢Language- AI expert systems.
• ¢Operating system- GUI based like Windows XP, Windows 7 etc.
• ¢Size- Very small

1. Advantage

• ¢Very large storage capacity
• ¢Long bit processor builds
• ¢Artificial Intelligence Language developed 

¢Classification of Computer

• Classification based on Application/ computational method
• Classification based on purpose
• Classification based on size and capability

¢Classification based on Application

• ¢Analog computer
• ¢Digital computer
• ¢Hybrid computers

Analog Computer

• ¢This type of computer is worked on quantity like in petrol pump, Weather forecasting , temperature etc.
• ¢Process data input in a continuous form.
• ¢Data such as voltage, resistance or temperature is represented in the computer.
• ¢Analog signals are used for working.

1. Advantage

• ¢Analog computers carried out measurement by a few single purpose devices. So they are offers low cost.

Digital computer

• ¢General computer works on 1 and 0.
• ¢It gives accurate result because this computer uses digital signals for working.
• ¢They can count, and accept numbers and letters through various input devices.
• ¢The input devices convert data into electronic pulses and perform arithmetical operations.

1. Advantage

• ¢Digital computers give result any desired level of accuracy.
• ¢Most suitable for business application

Hybrid Computer

• ¢It is a combination of analog and digital computer.
• ¢Computer works on both analog and digital signals.
• ¢It can convert analog signals to digital and digital to analog.
• ¢Example MODEM 

Classification based on Purpose

¢General Purpose computer

—Is a normal computer that is used everywhere.

—This type of computer can do programming, calculation, accounting work or painting work.

—Generally used in homes, schools and colleges.

—Example - Digital computer

¢Special Purpose computer

—This computer is designed according to special tasks like for weather forecasting, research or to make a film in photo studio.

 

Classification Based on size and Capability

¢Micro Computer

¢Mini Computer

¢Mainframe Computer

¢Super Computer

¢Micro Computer

¢Mini Computer

¢Mainframe computer

¢Super computer

 

Types of Personal computer

¢Desktop

¢Laptop

¢Notebook

¢Palmtop

¢Handheld computer(PDA Personal Digital Computer)

¢Tablet PCs

¢Workstation

¢Tablet PC

 

Computer Operation

1. —Input
2. —Storage
3. —Processing
4. —Control
5. —Output

Computer Organization

1. Input Unit

¢The input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.

 

1. Storage Unit

¢Storage unit provides space for storing data and instructions in computer.

¢All the data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.

¢Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.

 

1. Central Processing Unit 

¢A central processing unit controls the execution of programs and performs the calculations.

—Manipulating the data like word processing letter.

—Writing, sorting, editing, makes catalog of data.

—Converting data of one form into another

—Communicating data to far off distances.

—Storing the data temporarily and retrieving it as and when required.

—CPU does every thing in the form of binary language

 

1. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)

¢Is used to perform arithmetic and logical operation.

¢ALU takes data from memory unit and returns information to memory unit.

¢ALU used a number of registers and accumulators for short term storage of characters while doing calculations or computations.

 

1. Control Unit (CU)

¢Determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed.

¢Registers

¢Registers are temporary storage units within the CPU.

¢Memory Address Register (MAR)

¢Memory Buffer Register (MBR)

¢Program Counter (PC)

¢Instruction Register (IR)

¢Accumulator  

BUS architecture

¢A set of parallel conductors which allow the flow of instructions  and data between devices.

1. ¢Data bus
2. ¢Address bus
3. ¢Control bus

Memory

1. Types of memory

1. ¢SRAM and DRAM
2. ¢Read Only Memory (ROM)
3. ¢Programmable ROM
4. ¢EPROM
5. ¢EEPROM

¢Secondary memory
¢Magnetic tape
¢Hard Disk
¢Floppy Disk
—3.5 Inch (1.44 MB) and 5.25 Inch (1.2 MB)

¢Optical Disk

—CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)

—Write Once Read Many (WORM)

—Erasable optical disk

—Digital Video Disk (DVD)

—Zip drive

¢USB Flash Drive

¢Magnetic Tape

¢Hard Drive

¢Physical Disk Structure

¢Logical Block Addressing

¢Platter Geometry and Zoned-Bit Recording

¢Disk Drive Performance: Seek Time

¢Time taken to position the read/write head

¢Lower the seek time, the faster the I/O operation

¢Seek time specifications
include:

—Full stroke

—Average

—Track-to-track

¢Disk Drive Performance: Rotational Speed/Latency

¢The time taken by platter to rotate and position the data under the R/W head

¢Depends on the rotation speed of the spindle

¢Average rotational latency

—One-half of the time taken for a full rotation

—Appx. 5.5 ms for 5400-rpm drive

—Appx. 2.0 ms for 15000-rpm drive

¢

¢Floppy Disk

¢3.5 inch – 1.44 MB

¢5.25 inch – 1.2 MB

¢Optical Disk

¢CD-ROM

¢WORM

¢Erasable optical disk

¢DVD

¢Zip drive (100 MB)

¢USB Flush Drive

¢Universal Serial Bus

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